Fourth quarter 2011 tax developments

Payroll tax cut temporarily extended. The Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011 was enacted late last year. It temporarily extends the two percentage point payroll tax cut for employees, continuing the reduction of their Social Security tax withholding rate from 6.2% to 4.2% of wages paid through Feb. 29, 2012. Shortly after its passage, the IRS instructed employers to implement the new payroll tax rate as soon as possible in 2012 but not later than Jan. 31, 2012. The law also includes a “recapture” provision, which applies only to those employees who receive more than $18,350 in wages during the two-month period (i.e., two-twelfths of the 2012 wage base of $110,100). This provision imposes an additional income tax on these higher-income employees in an amount equal to 2% of the amount of wages they receive during the two-month period in excess of $18,350 (and not greater than $110,100). In addition, under the new law, the social security tax rate for a self-employed individual remains at 10.4%, for self-employment income of up to $18,350 (reduced by wages subject to the lower rate for 2012). Congress is going to try to negotiate a deal to extend the payroll tax cut for all of 2012. If a deal is struck to extend it for the full year, the recapture provision for employees would not apply.

Credit for hiring veterans extended and enhanced. A law enacted last November extended and enhanced a credit for hiring qualified veterans. Before the law was passed, the credit would have been available only if the qualified veteran were hired before Jan. 1, 2012, and only certain veterans were considered qualified veterans. The new law extends the credit for hiring qualified veterans, adds two new classes of veterans who are considered qualified veterans, increases the credit for hiring certain qualified veterans, “fast-tracks” the process for certifying that an individual is a qualified veteran, and provides tax-exempt employers with a credit against payroll tax for hiring qualified veterans. The credit amount varies depending on a number of factors. It can be as high as $9,600 for hiring a qualified disabled veteran. For an employer to qualify for the credit, the qualified veteran must begin work for the employer before Jan. 1, 2013 and other requirements must be met.

New rules for deducting or capitalizing tangible property costs. The IRS has issued new regulations for determining whether amounts paid to acquire, produce, or improve tangible property may be currently deducted as business expenses or must be capitalized. The regulations will affect virtually all taxpayers that acquire, produce, or improve tangible property. They are comprehensive, voluminous and virtually rewrite the rules in this area. For example, they provide detailed definitions of “materials and supplies” and “rotable and temporary spare parts” and prescribe new rules and elective de minimis and optional methods for handling their cost. They also have rules for differentiating between deductible repairs and capitalizable improvements, among many other items. The regulations generally are effective in tax years beginning after Dec. 31, 2011. However, to add to their complexity, some of the new rules in the regulations do not supersede prior IRS guidance.

New foreign asset reporting guidance and form. The IRS issued detailed guidance on the new law requiring individuals with an interest in a “specified foreign financial asset” during the tax year to attach a disclosure statement to their income tax return for any year in which the aggregate value of all such assets is greater than $50,000 (or a dollar amount higher than $50,000 as the IRS may prescribe). In addition, the IRS issued Form 8938 (Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets), which individual taxpayers will use starting in the 2012 tax filing season to report specified foreign financial assets for tax year 2011. The guidance consists of detailed temporary regulations. They define terms that apply for purposes of the reporting requirement; provide rules to determine if a specified individual must file a Form 8938 with their annual return;

Standard mileage rates flat or lower. The optional mileage allowance for owned or leased autos (including vans, pickups or panel trucks) is 55.5˘ per each business mile traveled after 2011. For 2011, it was 55.5˘ for miles driven after June 30 and 51˘ per mile for miles driven before July 1. Further, the 2012 rate for using a car to get medical care or in connection with a move that qualifies for the moving expense deduction is 23˘ per mile. For 2011, it was 23.5˘ for miles driven after June 30 and 19˘ per mile for miles driven before July 1.

New Form 8949 replaces Form 1040, Schedule D-1. Many transactions that, in previous years, would have been reported on Form 1040, Schedule D or D-1 must be reported on Form 8949 if they occurred in 2011. Specifically, a taxpayer uses Form 8949 to report:

·         The sale or exchange of a capital asset not reported on another form or schedule,

·         Gains from involuntary conversions (other than from casualty or theft) of capital assets not held for business or profit, and

·         Nonbusiness bad debts.

The taxpayer uses Schedule D to figure the overall gain or loss from transactions reported on Form 8949 and to report capital gain distributions not reported directly on Form 1040, line 13, a capital loss carryover from 2010 to 2011, and certain specialized items.

Withholding requirement for government contractors repealed. A law enacted in 2005 was to have required the Federal government and the government of every state, political subdivision of a state, and instrumentality of a state or state subdivision (including multi-state agencies) making certain payments to a person providing any property or services (e.g., payments to a government contractor) to deduct and withhold 3% from that payment. Although the withholding requirement was originally set to apply to payments made after 2010, it was subsequently deferred to apply to payments made after 2012. A law enacted in November 2011 repealed the government contractor withholding requirement.

 

Third quarter 2011 tax developments

The following is a summary of the most important tax developments that have occurred in the past three months that may affect you, your family, your investments, and your livelihood. Please call us for more information about any of these developments and what steps you should implement to take advantage of favorable developments and to minimize the impact of those that are unfavorable.

New settlement offer for misclassified workers. The IRS has launched a new Voluntary Classification Settlement Program (VCSP) for employees that have been misclassified as independent contractors (or as other nonemployees). The VCSP is available to taxpayers who are currently treating their workers (or a class or group of workers) as independent contractors or other nonemployees and want to prospectively treat the workers as employees. To be eligible, a taxpayer: (a) must have consistently treated the workers as nonemployees; (b) must have filed all required Forms 1099 for the workers for the previous three years; and (c) cannot currently be under audit by the IRS, or currently under audit concerning the classification of the workers by the Department of Labor or by a state government agency. A taxpayer who applies for and is accepted into the VCSP will agree to prospectively treat the class of workers as employees for future tax periods and in exchange:

A.    Will pay 10% of the employment tax liability that may have been due on compensation paid to the workers for the most recent tax year, determined under reduced rates;

B.    Will not be liable for any interest and penalties on the liability;

C.    Will not be subject to an employment tax audit for the worker classification of the workers for prior years; and

D.   Will agree to extend the period of limitations on assessment of employment taxes for three years for the first, second and third calendar years beginning after the date on which the taxpayer has agreed under the VCSP closing agreement to begin treating the workers as employees.

Personal use of employer-provided cell phones generally nontaxable under new guidance. Close to one year after cell phones were removed from the “listed property” category of Code Sec. 280F, the IRS has explained the practical consequences of the change. In sum, where an employer provides employees with cell phones primarily for noncompensatory business reasons, neither the business nor personal use of the phone results in income to the employee, and no recordkeeping of usage is required. And, in most instances, an employer's reimbursement to employees for their providing a cell phone for bona fide employment-related business use won't be taxable. The guidance applies for all tax years after Dec. 31, 2009.

Simplified per-diem rates increase slightly for post-Sept. 30 business travel. An employer may pay a per-diem amount to an employee on business-travel status instead of reimbursing actual substantiated expenses for away-from-home lodging, meal and incidental expenses (M&IE). If the rate paid doesn't exceed IRS-approved maximums, and the employee provides simplified substantiation, the reimbursement isn't subject to income- or payroll-tax withholding and isn't reported on the employee's Form W-2. In general, the IRS-approved per-diem maximum is the GSA per-diem rate paid by the federal government to its workers on travel status. This rate varies from locality to locality. Instead of using actual per-diems, employers may use a simplified “high-low” per-diem, under which there is one uniform per-diem rate for all “high-cost” areas within the continental U.S. (CONUS), and another per-diem rate for all other areas within CONUS. The IRS has issued a new notice carrying the “high-low” simplified per-diem rates for post-Sept. 30, 2011 travel. The high-cost area per-diem increases by $9 to $242, and the low-cost area per-diem increases by $3 to $163. The IRS also has issued a revenue procedure providing rules for using per diem rates to substantiate the amount of ordinary and necessary business expenses paid or incurred while traveling away from home.

Guidance on electing zero estate tax for 2010 decedents. Under the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, estates of decedents who died in 2010 can choose zero estate tax, but at the price of beneficiaries being limited to the decedents' basis plus certain increases under Code Sec. 1022. In early August, the IRS issued detailed guidance on how this election is made. The guidance revealed that the election is made by filing a Form 8939, Allocation of Increase in Basis for Property Acquired From a Decedent. Specifically, Form 8939 is an information return used by the executor of a decedent who died in 2010: (1) to make the Section 1022 Election; (2) to report information about property acquired from a decedent; and (3) to allocate Basis Increase to certain property acquired from a decedent. In general, Form 8939 is due by Jan. 17, 2012.

Time for executors to make portability election for 2011 decedents. In a new notice and accompanying news release, the IRS reminded executors of the estates of married decedents dying after 2010 that they must file an estate tax return in order to pass along the unused estate and gift tax exclusion amount, available for the first time this year, to their surviving spouse. The first estate tax returns for estates eligible to make the portability election started becoming due on Oct. 3, 2011 (i.e., nine months after a post-2010 date of death). Because the IRS believes that most married couples will want the surviving spouse to be able to take advantage of the unused exclusion amount of the first spouse to die, the election is deemed made if a Form 706 (estate tax return) is properly and timely filed. No affirmative statement or other indication is necessary. Even if the estate isn't required to file a Form 706 (e.g., because the value of the gross estate is less than the exclusion amount), the Form 706 must be filed in ordered to make the election. For estates that choose not to make a portability election, if that estate is otherwise required to file a Form 706, the executor must follow the instructions for Form 706 describing the necessary steps to avoid making the election. For estates that aren't required to file a Form 706, simply not filing the form will effectively prevent the making of the election.

Foreign financial assets disclosure. For tax years beginning after Mar. 18, 2010, the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act of 2010 provides that individuals with an interest in a “specified foreign financial asset” during the tax year must attach a disclosure statement to their income tax return for any year in which the aggregate value of all such assets is greater than $50,000 (or a dollar amount higher than $50,000 as the IRS may prescribe). “Specified foreign financial assets” are: (1) depository or custodial accounts at foreign financial institutions, and (2) to the extent not held in an account at a financial institution, (a) stocks or securities issued by foreign persons, (b) any other financial instrument or contract held for investment that is issued by or has a counterparty that is not a U.S. person, and (c) any interest in a foreign entity. Disclosure is made by filing Form 8938 (Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets) with the taxpayer's appropriate return (e.g., with Form 1040 in the case of an individual). In September, the IRS released a draft version of the 2011 Instructions to Form 8938. The instructions indicate that under a transitional rule, most taxpayers won't have to file the form until 2012.

Equitable innocent spouse relief eased. Married joint return filers are jointly and severally liable for the tax arising from their returns. Innocent spouses may request relief from this liability in certain circumstances. Previously, the IRS took the position that a request for equitable innocent spouse relief had to be made no later than two years from the first collection activity against the spouse. After being pressured by legislators and the National Taxpayer Advocate, the IRS has now eliminated the two-year period for equitable relief. Elimination of the two-year period is reflected on Form 8857, which is used to request innocent spouse relief.

Supreme Court to decide whether basis overstatements can trigger six-year limitations period. Late last year, the IRS issued final regulations under which an understated amount of gross income reported on a return resulting from an overstatement of unrecovered cost or other basis is an omission of gross income for purposes of the six-year period for assessing tax and the minimum period for assessment of tax attributable to partnership items. The six-year limitations period applies when a taxpayer omits from gross income an amount that's greater than 25% of the amount of gross income stated in the return. Several courts had held that a basis overstatement is not an omission of gross income for this purpose. In response to these decisions, the IRS issued the new regulations to clarify that an omission can arise in that fashion. However, some courts have upheld the regulations and others have rejected them. As a result, the Supreme Court has now decided to resolve the dispute.

 

Year end tax planning for individuals and businesses

Year-end tax planning is especially challenging this year because of uncertainty over whether Congress will enact sweeping tax reform that could have a major impact in 2012 and beyond. And even if there's no major tax legislation in the immediate future, Congress next year still will have to grapple with a host of thorny issues, such as whether to once again “patch” the alternative minimum tax (e.g., to avoid a drastic drop in post-2011 exemption amounts), and what to do about the post-2012 expiration of the Bush-era income tax cuts (including the current rate schedules, and low tax rates for long-term capital gains and qualified dividends), and the expiration of favorable estate and gift rules for estates of decedents dying, gifts made, or generation-skipping transfers made after Dec. 31, 2012.

Regardless of what Congress does late this year or early the next, there are solid tax savings to be realized by taking advantage of tax breaks that are on the books for 2011 but may be gone next year unless they are extended by Congress. These include, for individuals: the option to deduct state and local sales and use taxes instead of state and local income taxes; the above-the-line deduction for qualified higher education expenses; and tax-free distributions by those age 70 1/2 or older from IRAs for charitable purposes. For businesses, tax breaks that are available through the end of this year but won't be around next year unless Congress acts include: 100% bonus first year depreciation for most new machinery, equipment and software; an extraordinarily high $500,000 expensing limitation (and within that dollar limit, $250,000 of expensing for qualified real property); and the research tax credit.

We have compiled a checklist of actions based on current tax rules that may help you save tax dollars if you act before year-end. Not all actions will apply in your particular situation, but you will likely benefit from many of them. We can narrow down the specific actions that you can take once we meet with you to tailor a particular plan. In the meantime, please review the following list and contact us at your earliest convenience so that we can advise you on which tax-saving moves to make:

Year-End Tax Planning Moves for Individuals

•Increase the amount you set aside for next year in your employer's health flexible spending account (FSA) if you set aside too little for this year. Don't forget that you can no longer set aside amounts to get tax-free reimbursements for over-the-counter drugs, such as aspirin and antacids.

•If you become eligible to make health savings account (HSA) contributions in December of this year, you can make a full year's worth of deductible HSA contributions for 2011.

•Realize losses on stock while substantially preserving your investment position. There are several ways this can be done. For example, you can sell the original holding, then buy back the same securities at least 31 days later. It may be advisable for us to meet to discuss year-end trades you should consider making.

•Postpone income until 2012 and accelerate deductions into 2011 to lower your 2011 tax bill. This strategy may enable you to claim larger deductions, credits, and other tax breaks for 2011 that are phased out over varying levels of adjusted gross income (AGI). These include child tax credits, higher education tax credits, the above-the-line deduction for higher-education expenses, and deductions for student loan interest. Postponing income also is desirable for those taxpayers who anticipate being in a lower tax bracket next year due to changed financial circumstances. Note, however, that in some cases, it may pay to actually accelerate income into 2011. For example, this may be the case where a person's marginal tax rate is much lower this year than it will be next year.

•If you believe a Roth IRA is better than a traditional IRA, and want to remain in the market for the long term, consider converting traditional-IRA money invested in beaten-down stocks (or mutual funds) into a Roth IRA if eligible to do so. Keep in mind, however, that such a conversion will increase your adjusted gross income for 2011.

• If you converted assets in a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA earlier in the year, the assets in the Roth IRA account may have declined in value, and if you leave things as-is, you will wind up paying a higher tax than is necessary. You can back out of the transaction by recharacterizing the rollover or conversion, that is, by transferring the converted amount (plus earnings, or minus losses) from the Roth IRA back to a traditional IRA via a trustee-to-trustee transfer. You can later reconvert to a Roth IRA.

•It may be advantageous to try to arrange with your employer to defer a bonus that may be coming your way until 2012.

•Consider using a credit card to prepay expenses that can generate deductions for this year.

•If you expect to owe state and local income taxes when you file your return next year, consider asking your employer to increase withholding of state and local taxes (or pay estimated tax payments of state and local taxes) before year-end to pull the deduction of those taxes into 2011 if doing so won't create an alternative minimum tax (AMT) problem.

•Take an eligible rollover distribution from a qualified retirement plan before the end of 2011 if you are facing a penalty for underpayment of estimated tax and the increased withholding option is unavailable or won't sufficiently address the problem. Income tax will be withheld from the distribution and will be applied toward the taxes owed for 2011. You can then timely roll over the gross amount of the distribution, as increased by the amount of withheld tax, to a traditional IRA. No part of the distribution will be includible in income for 2011, but the withheld tax will be applied pro rata over the full 2011 tax year to reduce previous underpayments of estimated tax.

•Estimate the effect of any year-end planning moves on the alternative minimum tax (AMT) for 2011, keeping in mind that many tax breaks allowed for purposes of calculating regular taxes are disallowed for AMT purposes. These include the deduction for state property taxes on your residence, state income taxes (or state sales tax if you elect this deduction option), miscellaneous itemized deductions, and personal exemption deductions. Other deductions, such as for medical expenses, are calculated in a more restrictive way for AMT purposes than for regular tax purposes. As a result, in some cases, deductions should not be accelerated.

•Accelerate big ticket purchases into 2011 in order to assure a deduction for sales taxes on the purchases if you will elect to claim a state and local general sales tax deduction instead of a state and local income tax deduction. Unless Congress acts, this election won't be available after 2011.

•You may be able to save taxes this year and next by applying a bunching strategy to “miscellaneous” itemized deductions, medical expenses and other itemized deductions.

•If you are a homeowner, make energy saving improvements to the residence, such as putting in extra insulation or installing energy saving windows, or an energy efficient heater or air conditioner. You may qualify for a tax credit if the assets are installed in your home before 2012.

•Unless Congress extends it, the up-to-$4,000 above-the-line deduction for qualified higher education expenses will not be available after 2011. Thus, consider prepaying eligible expenses if doing so will increase your deduction for qualified higher education expenses. Generally, the deduction is allowed for qualified education expenses paid in 2011 in connection with enrollment at an institution of higher education during 2011 or for an academic period beginning in 2011 or in the first 3 months of 2012.

•You may want to pay contested taxes to be able to deduct them this year while continuing to contest them next year.

•You may want to settle an insurance or damage claim in order to maximize your casualty loss deduction this year.

Purchase qualified small business stock (QSBS) before the end of this year. There is no tax on gain from the sale of such stock if it is (1) purchased after September 27, 2010 and before January 1, 2012, and (2) held for more than five years. In addition, such sales won't cause AMT preference problems. To qualify for these breaks, the stock must be issued by a regular (C) corporation with total gross assets of $50 million or less, and a number of other technical requirements must be met. Our office can fill you in on the details.

•If you are age 70-1/2 or older, own IRAs and are thinking of making a charitable gift, consider arranging for the gift to be made directly by the IRA trustee. Such a transfer, if made before year-end, can achieve important tax savings.

• Take required minimum distributions (RMDs) from your IRA or 401(k) plan (or other employer-sponsored retired plan) if you have reached age 70-˝. Failure to take a required withdrawal can result in a penalty of 50% of the amount of the RMD not withdrawn. If you turned age 70-1/2 in 2011, you can delay the first required distribution to 2012, but if you do, you will have to take a double distribution in 2012—the amount required for 2011 plus the amount required for 2012. Think twice before delaying 2011 distributions to 2012—bunching income into 2012 might push you into a higher tax bracket or have a detrimental impact on various income tax deductions that are reduced at higher income levels. However, it could be beneficial to take both distributions in 2012 if you will be in a substantially lower bracket that year, for example, because you plan to retire late this year.

• Make gifts sheltered by the annual gift tax exclusion before the end of the year and thereby save gift and estate taxes. You can give $13,000 in 2011 to each of an unlimited number of individuals but you can't carry over unused exclusions from one year to the next. The transfers also may save family income taxes where income-earning property is given to family members in lower income tax brackets who are not subject to the kiddie tax.

Year-End Tax-Planning Moves for Businesses & Business Owners

•Businesses should consider making expenditures that qualify for the business property expensing option. For tax years beginning in 2011, the expensing limit is $500,000 and the investment ceiling limit is $2,000,000. And a limited amount of expensing may be claimed for qualified real property. However, unless Congress changes the rules, for tax years beginning in 2012, the dollar limit will drop to $139,000, the beginning-of-phaseout amount will drop to $560,000, and expensing won't be available for qualified real property. The generous dollar ceilings that apply this year mean that many small and medium sized businesses that make timely purchases will be able to currently deduct most if not all their outlays for machinery and equipment. What's more, the expensing deduction is not prorated for the time that the asset is in service during the year. This opens up significant year-end planning opportunities.

•Businesses also should consider making expenditures that qualify for 100% bonus first year depreciation if bought and placed in service this year. This 100% first-year writeoff generally won't be available next year unless Congress acts to extend it. Thus, enterprises planning to purchase new depreciable property this year or the next should try to accelerate their buying plans, if doing so makes sound business sense.

•Nail down a work opportunity tax credit (WOTC) by hiring qualifying workers (such as certain veterans) before the end of 2011. Under current law, the WOTC won't be available for workers hired after this year.

•Make qualified research expenses before the end of 2011 to claim a research credit, which won't be available for post-2011 expenditures unless Congress extends the credit.

•If you are self-employed and haven't done so yet, set up a self-employed retirement plan.

•Depending on your particular situation, you may also want to consider deferring a debt-cancellation event until 2012, and disposing of a passive activity to allow you to deduct suspended losses.

•If you own an interest in a partnership or S corporation you may need to increase your basis in the entity so you can deduct a loss from it for this year.

These are just some of the year-end steps that can be taken to save taxes. Again, by contacting us, we can tailor a particular plan that will work best for you.

 

Second quarter 2011 tax developments

The following is a summary of the most important tax developments that have occurred in the past three months that may affect you, your family, your investments, and your livelihood. Please call us for more information about any of these developments and what steps you should implement to take advantage of favorable developments and to minimize the impact of those that are unfavorable.

Standard mileage rates increase for last half of 2011. The IRS has announced that the optional mileage allowance for owned or leased autos (including vans, pickups or panel trucks) is increased 4.5˘ from 51˘ to 55.5˘ per mile for business travel from July 1, 2011 to Dec. 31, 2011 to better reflect the real cost of operating an auto in this period of rapidly rising gas prices. This rate can also be used by employers to reimburse tax-free under an accountable plan employees who supply their own autos for business use, and to value personal use of certain low-cost employer-provided vehicles. The rate for using a car to get medical care or in connection with a move that qualifies for the moving expense also increases 4.5˘ for the last half of 2011 from 19˘ to 23.5˘ per mile.

FUTA surtax is no longer in effect. Beginning July 1, 2011, the 0.2% federal unemployment tax (FUTA) surtax is no longer in effect. Thus, the FUTA tax rate, before consideration of state unemployment tax credits, is now 6.0%. Employers need to separately track FUTA taxable wages paid before July 1, 2011, and FUTA taxable wages paid after June 30, 2011, since the FUTA tax rates are different during those two periods. Employers whose FUTA tax is more than $500 for the calendar year need to make quarterly FUTA deposits. The next quarterly payment is due on Aug. 1, 2011, but that payment is based on taxable wages paid through June 30, 2011, so it will be computed using the 6.2% FUTA tax rate. However, the payment after that is due on Oct. 31, 2011, and it will be computed using the 6.0% FUTA tax rate if legislation is not enacted to retroactively reinstate the FUTA surtax beginning July 1, 2011.

Two bonus depreciation deductions for one expenditure. Under IRS regulations, businesses that trade in machinery or equipment for which they claimed bonus depreciation may qualify for another bonus depreciation deduction on the remaining depreciable basis if they swap for like-kind property that also is eligible for bonus depreciation. In effect, the business gets two bonus depreciation deductions for its expenditure on the traded-in property.

Real estate professionals allowed late election to aggregate rental real estate interests. The IRS has provided guidance that allows certain real estate professionals to make a late election under the regulations to treat all interests in rental real estate as a single rental real estate activity for purposes of the passive activity loss (PAL) rules. This election can make it easier to currently deduct losses from real estate activities. As a general rule, the election is made by filing a statement with the taxpayer's original income tax return for the tax year. However, under new guidance, a taxpayer meeting certain conditions can make a late election on an amended return.

More courts treating basis overstatements as triggering 6-year limitations period. Late last year, the IRS issued final regulations under which an understated amount of gross income reported on a return resulting from an overstatement of unrecovered cost or other basis is an omission of gross income for purposes of the 6-year period for assessing tax and the minimum period for assessment of tax attributable to partnership items. The 6-year limitations period applies when a taxpayer omits from gross income an amount that's greater than 25% of the amount of gross income stated in the return. Several courts had held that a basis overstatement is not an omission of gross income for this purpose. In response to these decisions, the IRS issued the new regulations to clarify that an omission can arise in that fashion. Recently, two Courts of Appeals (the Tenth Circuit and the District of Columbia Circuit) have upheld the regulations. While the momentum clearly is in favor of the IRS on this issue, others courts have rejected the regulations. Ultimately, the Supreme Court will have to resolve the dispute.

Regulations would toughen tax rules for owners of bankrupt disregarded entities. A taxpayer whose debts are forgiven generally has cancellation of debt (COD) income subject to exceptions including one for bankruptcy and one for insolvency. Some taxpayers have taken the position that the bankruptcy exception is available if a grantor trust (trust used in family or business planning) or disregarded entity (e.g., a single-member limited liability company taxed directly to owner) is under the jurisdiction of a bankruptcy court, even if its owner is not. Similarly, some taxpayers have contended that the insolvency exception is available to the extent a grantor trust or disregarded entity is insolvent, even if its owner is not. The IRS has issued proposed regulations that would clarify that the bankruptcy exception is available only if the owner of the grantor trust or disregarded entity is subject to the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction, and the insolvency exception is available only to the extent the owner is insolvent. They would apply to COD income occurring on or after the date they are published as final regulations.

Trust's investment advice fees. The Supreme Court has held that investment advisory fees paid by a trust were deductible only to the extent that they exceeded 2% of the trust's adjusted gross income (AGI). Thus, such expenses didn't qualify for the exception to the 2% of AGI limit in the tax law for costs paid or incurred in connection with the administration of a trust or estate that wouldn't have been incurred if the property weren't held in the trust or estate. However, for the sake of administrative convenience, the IRS has provided that, until final regulations are issued, nongrantor trusts and estates will not have to “unbundle” a fiduciary fee (i.e., separate the fee into components that are subject to the deduction limit and those that aren't). As a result, until the regulations are issued, affected taxpayers can deduct the full amount of a bundled fiduciary fee without regard to the 2% floor.

IRA trustees weren't liable for Madoff losses. A district court has dismissed all claims brought by holders of self-directed individual retirement accounts (IRAs) against the IRA trustees for losses incurred by the IRAs for investments with Bernard Madoff's firm. A number of individuals owned self-directed IRAs with IRA agreements that clearly stated that they were solely responsible for making investment decisions in connection with the funds in their IRAs, and that the IRA trustees would not provide any investment advice. Pursuant to instructions given by these IRA owners, the IRA trustees sent IRA funds to Bernard Madoff's brokerage firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, for investment in securities. These funds were ultimately lost in Madoff's ponzi scheme. The IRA owners sought to hold the IRA trustees responsible for their role in the losses that the IRAs sustained. The action asserted claims under federal common law based on Internal Revenue Code sections governing IRAs, and state law negligence, contract, and unjust enrichment claims. However, the court rejected all such claims.

Another Appeals Court upholds IRS's time limit on spousal relief requests. Married joint return filers are jointly and severally liable for the tax arising from their returns. Innocent spouses may request relief from this liability in certain circumstances. An IRS regulation states that a request for equitable innocent spouse relief must be no later than two years from the first collection activity against the spouse. The Tax Court had found this regulation invalidly imposed a time limit. However, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has reversed the Tax Court and upheld the regulation (as have the Courts of Appeals for the Third and Seventh Circuits).

Nonspouse real estate transfers under scrutiny. A recent court case reveals that the IRS has discovered a pattern of taxpayers failing to file gift tax returns for real property transfers between nonspouse related parties. As a result, it launched a compliance initiative to capture data from states and counties regarding real property transfers taking place between nonspouse family members for little or no consideration during the period of Jan. 1, 2005, through Dec. 31, 2010. While the IRS has faced hurdles in attempting to force California to release the data, a number of states have voluntarily done so. These include Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. Thus, individuals who transferred real property to nonspouse family members should make sure that required gift tax returns were filed and file amended returns if they weren't.